N. Abraham, M. Torok, and . L'écorce, Flammarion, 1987. e Shell and the Kernel: Renewals of Psychoanalysis. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1994.

H. Arendt, , 1958.

K. Cummings, Reclaiming the Mother('s) Tongue: Beloved, Ceremony, Mothers and Shadows, College English, vol.52, pp.552-69, 1990.

P. Klee, Übersicht und Orientierung auf dem Gebiet der bildnerischen Mittel und ihre räumliche Ordnung, 1924.

T. Morrison, Rootedness: e Ancestor as Foundation, Black Women Writers (1950-1980). M. Evans, pp.339-345, 1984.

, Nobel Lecture in Literature 1993. London: Chatto & Windus, 1987.

F. Nietzsche, Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen, 1873. First published München: Nietzsche Gesellscha , 1923. Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. South Bend: Gateway Editions, 1962.

D. Taylor-guthrie, Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson: U of Mississippi P, 1994.

E. J. Wideman, Review of H. L. Gates's e Signifying Monkey. e New York Times, 1988.

J. Wyatt, Giving Body to the Word: e Maternal Symbolic in Toni Morrison's Beloved, vol.108, pp.474-88, 1993.